美国政府文件承认广岛和长崎的原子弹轰炸对于结束第二次世界大战来说并不是必要的。日本当时正处于投降的边缘。这是美国冷战时期对苏联的首次打击
西方政府和媒体告诉世界其他国家要害怕朝鲜及其核武器，或者担心伊朗有一天可能拥有核武器，这是很常见的事情。It is very common for Western governments and media outlets to tell the rest of the world to be afraid of North Korea and its nuclear weapons, or to fear the possibility that Iran could one day have nukes.
但现实是，人类历史上只有一个国家对平民使用过核武器——而且不是一次，而是两次：美国。But the reality is that there is only one country in human history that has used nuclear weapons against a civilian population - and not once, but twice: the United States.
1945年8月6日至9日，美军向日本广岛和长崎投下了原子弹。大约20万平民被杀。On the 6th and 9th of August, 1945, the US military dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Around 200,000 civilians were killed.
近 80 年后的今天，许多美国政府官员、记者和教育家仍然声称，华盛顿别无选择，只能用核武器攻击日本，迫使其投降，从而结束第二次世界大战。一些人认为，这种可怕的暴行实际上是一种高尚的行为，它挽救了更多在随后的战斗中可能丧生的生命。Today, nearly 80 years later, many US government officials, journalists, and educators still claim that Washington had no choice but to nuke Japan, to force it to surrender and thus end World War Two. Some argue that this horrifying atrocity was in fact a noble act, that it saved even more lives that would have been lost in subsequent fighting.
这种说法虽然广为流传，但却完全错误。This narrative, although widespread, is utterly false.
美国政府文件承认，日本在 1945 年核打击之前就已经处于投降边缘。根本没有必要使用原子弹。US government documents have admitted that Japan was already on the verge of surrendering in 1945, before the nuclear strikes. It was simply not necessary to use the atomic bomb.
美国战争部（20 世纪 40 年代后期更名为国防部）进行了一项名为“战略轰炸调查”的调查，分析其在第二次世界大战中的空袭情况。The US Department of War (which was renamed the Department of Defense later in the 1940s) conducted an investigation, known as the Strategic Bombing Survey, analyzing its air strikes in World War II.
1946年发表的《Published in 1946, the 战略轰炸调查》Strategic Bombing Survey stated非常明确地指出，“即使不投原子弹，日本也会投降”： very clearly, "Japan would have surrendered even if the atomic bombs had not been dropped":
......似乎很清楚，即使没有原子弹袭击，对日本的制空权也可以施加足够的压力，以实现无条件投降并消除入侵的需要。... it seems clear that, even without the atomic bombing attacks, air supremacy over Japan could have exerted sufficient pressure to bring about unconditional surrender and obviate the need for invasion.
基于对所有事实的详细调查，并得到幸存的日本领导人证词的支持，调查组认为，当然在 1945 年 12 月 31 日之前，并且很可能在 1945 年 11 月 1 日之前，日本甚至会投降Based on a detailed investigation of all the facts, and supported by the testimony of the surviving Japanese leaders involved, it is the Survey's opinion that certainly prior to 31 December 1945, and in all probability prior to 1 November 1945, 。如果原子弹没有被投下Japan would have surrendered even if the atomic bombs had not been dropped，即使俄罗斯没有参战，即使没有计划或考虑入侵。, even if Russia had not entered the war, and even if no invasion had been planned or contemplated.
对日本进行核打击是美国的一项The nuclear strikes on Japan represented a 政治political决定，直指苏联；这是冷战时期的第一次袭击。 decision taken by the United States, aimed squarely at the Soviet Union; it was the first strike in the Cold War.
1945年8月，苏联准备入侵日本，推翻与纳粹德国结盟的法西斯政权，苏联红军刚刚在欧洲战区击败了纳粹德国。In August 1945, the USSR was preparing to invade Japan to overthrow its ruling fascist regime, which had been allied with Nazi Germany - which the Soviet Red Army had also just defeated in the European theater of the war.
华盛顿担心，如果苏联像在柏林那样击败日本法西斯主义并解放东京，那么日本的后法西斯政府可能会成为苏联的盟友，并可能采用社会主义政府。Washington was concerned that, if the Soviets defeated Japanese fascism and liberated Tokyo like they had in Berlin, then Japan's post-fascist government could become an ally of the Soviet Union and could adopt a socialist government.
因此，投在广岛和长崎的原子弹与其说是针对日本法西斯，不如说是针对苏联共产党。The atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, therefore, were not so much aimed at the Japanese fascists as they were aimed at the Soviet communists.
这一对日本使用核武器的明确政治决定实际上遭到了几位美国军方高级官员的反对。This expressly political decision to use nuclear weapons against Japan was in fact opposed by several top US military officials.
作为美国军事史上最著名的将军之一，德怀特·艾森豪威尔领导了欧洲战场的行动，并监督了随后对前纳粹德国的占领。As one of the most famous generals in US military history, Dwight Eisenhower led operations in the European theater of the war and oversaw the subsequent occupation of what was formerly Nazi Germany.
艾森豪威尔后来继对日本进行核打击的美国领导人哈里·杜鲁门之后成为美国总统。Eisenhower later became president of the United States, following Harry Truman, the US leader who had nuked Japan.
艾森豪威尔因其在欧洲反法西斯斗争中的领导地位而闻名于世。但鲜为人知的是，他反对美国对日本进行核攻击。Eisenhower is renowned worldwide for his leadership in the fight against fascism in Europe. But what is little known is that he opposed the US nuclear attacks on Japan.
离开白宫后，艾森豪威尔出版了一本名为After leaving the White House, Eisenhower published a memoir titled 《变革的命令》Mandate for Change的回忆录。在这本 1963 年出版的书中，这位前高级将军回忆了 1945 年 7 月他与时任美国战争部长亨利·史汀生的一次争论。. In this 1963 book, the former top general recalled an argument he had in July 1945 with then US Secretary of War Henry Stimson.
史汀生通知他华盛顿正计划用核武器攻击日本，艾森豪威尔批评了这一决定，称他有“严重的疑虑”，并坚信“日本已经战败，完全没有必要投下原子弹”。Stimson had notified him that Washington was planning to nuke Japan, and Eisenhower criticized the decision, stating that he had "grave misgivings" and was convinced "that Japan was already defeated and that dropping the bomb was completely unnecessary".
该事件发生在 1945 年 [7 月]，当时战争部长史汀生访问我在德国的总部，告诉我我国政府正准备向日本投掷原子弹。我是那些认为有许多令人信服的理由质疑这种行为是否明智的人之一。……但是，国务卿在向我通报新墨西哥州成功进行炸弹试验以及使用该炸弹的计划后，询问我的反应，显然希望得到我的大力同意。The incident took place in [July] 1945 when Secretary of War Stimson, visiting my headquarters in Germany, informed me that our government was preparing to drop an atomic bomb on Japan. I was one of those who felt that there were a number of cogent reasons to question the wisdom of such an act. ... But the Secretary, upon giving me the news of the successful bomb test in New Mexico, and of the plan for using it, asked for my reaction, apparently expecting a vigorous assent.
在他讲述有关事实的过程中，我感到一种压抑的感觉，于是During his recitation of the relevant facts, I had been conscious of a feeling of depression and so 我向他表达了我的严重疑虑I voiced to him my grave misgivings，一是因为, first on the basis of 我认为日本已经战败了，投弹完全没有必要my belief that Japan was already defeated and that dropping the bomb was completely unnecessary，二是因为我认为日本已经战败了，投弹完全没有必要。因为我认为我们的国家应该避免使用一种武器来震惊世界舆论，我认为这种武器的使用不再是拯救美国人生命的强制性措施。我相信，日本当时正在寻求某种投降方式，以将“面子”损失降到最低。国务卿对我的态度深感不安，几乎愤怒地反驳了我为快速得出结论而给出的理由。, and secondly because I thought that our country should avoid shocking world opinion by the use of a weapon whose employment was, I thought, no longer mandatory as a measure to save American lives. It was my belief that Japan was, at that very moment, seeking some way to surrender with a minimum loss of "face". The Secretary was deeply perturbed by my attitude, almost angrily refuting the reason I gave for my quick conclusions.
对广岛和长崎的这些“完全不必要”的核袭击造成约 20 万平民死亡。但他们有一个政治目标，针对苏联。These "completely unnecessary" nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki killed some 200,000 civilians. But they had a political goal, aimed at the Soviet Union.
日本原子弹爆炸背后的政治原因已得到美国能源部历史办公室的公开承认，该办公室运营着一个网站，提供有关The political reasons behind the atomic bombing of Japan have been publicly acknowledged by the US Department of Energy's Office of History, which runs a website with educational 曼哈顿计划information about the Manhattan Project（开发原子弹的科学倡议）的教育信息。, the scientific initiative that developed the bomb.
美国政府网站承认杜鲁门政府对日本发动核武器的决定是出于政治动机，并写道：The US government website conceded that the Truman administration's decision to nuke Japan was politically motivated, writing:
在哈里·S·杜鲁门总统收到三位一体测试成功的消息后，他在对日战争中对苏联帮助的需求大大减少了。苏联领导人约瑟夫·斯大林承诺在 8 月 15 日之前加入对日战争。杜鲁门和他的顾问们现在不确定他们是否需要这种帮助。如果使用原子弹可以在不入侵的情况下取得胜利，那么After President Harry S. Truman received word of the success of the Trinity test, his need for the help of the Soviet Union in the war against Japan was greatly diminished. The Soviet leader, Joseph Stalin, had promised to join the war against Japan by August 15th. Truman and his advisors now were not sure they wanted this help. If use of the atomic bomb made victory possible without an invasion, then 接受苏联的帮助只会让他们参与有关日本战后命运的讨论。accepting Soviet help would only invite them into the discussions regarding the postwar fate of Japan.
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其他历史学家认为，即使不使用原子弹，日本也会投降，而事实上，Other historians argue that Japan would have surrendered even without the use of the atomic bomb and that in fact 杜鲁门和他的顾问使用原子弹只是为了恐吓苏联。Truman and his advisors used the bomb only in an effort to intimidate the Soviet Union.
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杜鲁门希望避免与苏联“分享”日本的管理权。Truman hoped to avoid having to "share" the administration of Japan with the Soviet Union.
主流历史学家也承认这一事实。Mainstream historians have acknowledged this fact as well.
伦敦智库英美安全信息委员会的研究员沃德·威尔逊2013年在华盛顿的精英外交政策杂志上发表了一篇文章，题为“原子弹没有打败日本，而是斯大林做到了Ward Wilson, a researcher at the establishment London-based think tank the British American Security Information Council, published an article in Washington's elite Foreign Policy magazine in 2013 titled "” The Bomb Didn’t Beat Japan. Stalin Did。”.
他写道：“虽然这些炸弹确实迫使战争立即结束，但日本领导人无论如何都想投降，而且很可能在美国计划于 11 月 1 日入侵之前就这样做了。因此，没有必要使用它们。”"Although the bombs did force an immediate end to the war, Japan’s leaders had wanted to surrender anyway and likely would have done so before the American invasion planned for Nov. 1. Their use was, therefore, unnecessary", he wrote.
威尔逊解释说：Wilson explained:
如果日本人不关心一般的城市轰炸或特别是广岛的原子弹爆炸，那么他们关心什么？答案很简单：苏联。If the Japanese were not concerned with city bombing in general or the atomic bombing of Hiroshima in particular, what were they concerned with? The answer is simple: the Soviet Union.
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即使是日本政府中最强硬的领导人也知道战争不能继续下去。Even the most hard-line leaders in Japan’s government knew that the war could not go on. 问题不在于是否继续，而在于如何以尽可能最好的条件结束战争。The question was not whether to continue, but how to bring the war to a close under the best terms possible.
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判断是广岛原子弹爆炸还是苏联入侵并宣战导致日本投降的一种方法是比较这两个事件对战略局势的影响。8 月 6 日广岛遭到轰炸后，这两种选择仍然存在。......轰炸广岛并没有排除日本的任何一个战略选择。One way to gauge whether it was the bombing of Hiroshima or the invasion and declaration of war by the Soviet Union that caused Japan’s surrender is to compare the way in which these two events affected the strategic situation. After Hiroshima was bombed on Aug. 6, both options were still alive. ... Bombing Hiroshima did not foreclose either of Japan’s strategic options.
然而，苏联宣战并入侵满洲和库页岛的影响却截然不同。一旦苏联宣战，斯大林就不能再充当调解人了——他现在是一个交战国。因此，外交选择被苏联的举动消灭了。对军事局势的影响同样巨大。The impact of the Soviet declaration of war and invasion of Manchuria and Sakhalin Island was quite different, however. Once the Soviet Union had declared war, Stalin could no longer act as a mediator — he was now a belligerent. So the diplomatic option was wiped out by the Soviet move. The effect on the military situation was equally dramatic.
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当俄罗斯人入侵满洲时，他们摧毁了曾经的精锐军队，许多俄罗斯部队直到耗尽汽油才停下来。When the Russians invaded Manchuria, they sliced through what had once been an elite army and many Russian units only stopped when they ran out of gas.
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苏联的入侵使军事决战战略失效，正如它使外交战略失效一样。日本的所有选择一下子就消失了。The Soviet invasion invalidated the military’s decisive battle strategy, just as it invalidated the diplomatic strategy. At a single stroke, all of Japan’s options evaporated. 苏联的入侵具有战略决定性——它排除了日本的两种选择——而轰炸广岛（两者都排除了）则不然。The Soviet invasion was strategically decisive — it foreclosed both of Japan’s options — while the bombing of Hiroshima (which foreclosed neither) was not.
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将战争的结束归因于原子弹在多个方面符合日本的利益。但这也符合美国的利益。如果原子弹赢得了战争，那么美国军事力量的认知就会增强，美国在亚洲和世界的外交影响力就会增加。Attributing the end of the war to the atomic bomb served Japan’s interests in multiple ways. But it also served U.S. interests. If the Bomb won the war, then the perception of U.S. military power would be enhanced, U.S. diplomatic influence in Asia and around the world would increase.
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另一方面，如果苏联参战是导致日本投降的原因，那么苏联可以声称他们能够在四天内做到美国在四年内无法做到的事情，并且认为苏联的军事力量和外交影响力将得到增强。一旦冷战开始，断言苏联的加入是决定性因素就等于向敌人提供援助和安慰。If, on the other hand, the Soviet entry into the war was what caused Japan to surrender, then the Soviets could claim that they were able to do in four days what the United States was unable to do in four years, and the perception of Soviet military power and Soviet diplomatic influence would be enhanced. And once the Cold War was underway, asserting that the Soviet entry had been the decisive factor would have been tantamount to giving aid and comfort to the enemy.
因此，在第二次世界大战结束之前，美国就对其表面上的“盟友”苏联发起了冷战，并反对社会主义在世界各地的潜在传播。Thus, before World War II was even over, the United States launched a Cold War against its ostensible "ally", the Soviet Union - and against the potential spread of socialism anywhere around the world.
美国间谍机构开始US spy agencies began 招募前法西斯分子和纳粹合作者recruiting former fascists and Nazi collaborators。美国官员将日本甲级战犯从监狱中释放出来，其中一些人后来成为东京政府的领导人。. US officials freed Class A Japanese war criminals from prison, some of whom went on to lead the government in Tokyo.
其中许多人物都参与了右翼自民党 (LDP) 的创建，该党自 1955 年以来基本上以一党制国家的形式执政日本（不包括仅仅五年的反对党统治）。Many of these figures were involved in founding the right-wing Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), which has essentially run Japan as a one-party state since 1955 (excluding a mere five years of opposition rule).
教科书上的一个例子就是臭名昭著的战犯岸信介，他统治着日本帝国的伪满洲国傀儡政权，并与纳粹勾结，目睹了种族灭绝暴行。他曾被短暂监禁，但后来被美国当局赦免，并在华盛顿的支持下于 20 世纪 50 年代升任日本首相。A textbook example of this was Nobusuke Kishi, a notorious war criminal who ran the Japanese empire's Manchukuo puppet regime and oversaw genocidal atrocities in collaboration with the Nazis. He was briefly imprisoned, but later pardoned by US authorities and, with Washington's support, rose to become prime minister of Japan in the 1950s.
岸信介与法西斯有联系的家族仍然对日本政治拥有重要控制权。他的孙子安倍晋三是东亚国家历史上任职时间最长的首相。Kishi's fascist-linked family still commands significant control over Japanese politics. His grandson, Shinzo Abe, was the longest-serving prime minister in the East Asian nation's history.
今天，纠正关于这段历史的广泛流传的神话仍然很重要，因为它们对流行文化有着深远的影响。Today, it remains important to correct widespread myths about this history, because they have a profound impact on popular culture.
2023年7月，好莱坞上映了获奖导演克里斯托弗·诺兰执导的卖座电影《奥本海默》。这部电影取得了巨大的商业成功，但也因其政治问题而受到批评。In July 2023, Hollywood released a blockbuster film, "Oppenheimer", by award-winning director Christopher Nolan. The movie was a huge commercial success, but was also criticized for its politics.
这部电影将负责曼哈顿计划洛斯阿拉莫斯实验室的同名物理学家 J·罗伯特·奥本海默 (J. Robert Oppenheimer) 人性化，他通常被称为“原子弹之父”。The film humanized the eponymous physicist who directed the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos laboratory, J. Robert Oppenheimer, commonly known as the "father of the atomic bomb".
晚年，奥本海默对自己在开发这种武器中所扮演的角色感到后悔，并发起反对核扩散的活动。Later in life, Oppenheimer came to regret the role he played in developing the weapon, and he campaigned against nuclear proliferation.
讽刺的是，奥本海默也成为美国政府麦卡锡主义的受害者，并因与左翼团体的联系而受到迫害。Ironically, Oppenheimer also became a victim of the US government's McCarthyism, and was persecuted for his links to left-wing groups.
然而，尽管这部电影因描绘奥本海默复杂的内部斗争而受到赞誉，但它却被指责粉饰了美国广岛和长崎原子弹爆炸的残酷性。But while the movie was celebrated for depicting Oppenheimer's complex internal struggles, it was accused of whitewashing the brutality of the US atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
在这些完全不必要的袭击中丧生的 20 万日本平民却诡异地The 200,000 Japanese civilians who lost their lives in these totally unnecessary attacks were eerily 缺席了影片absent from the film。.
通过不断地重复谎言，即用核武器攻击 20 万人是让日本投降的唯一途径，美国官员已经将这种消除不必要的、出于政治动机的战争罪行的平民受害者的行为常态化了。
（谷歌翻译：Atomic bombing of Japan was not necessary to end WWII. US gov't documents admit it）
