我们的大脑并不适合应对特朗普时代
风萧萧_Frank (2026-03-29 06:16:51) 评论 (0)我们的大脑并不适合应对特朗普时代
至少我的大脑不适合。
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/09/opinion/sunday/trump-technology-overload.html
珍妮弗·西尼尔 专栏作家 2019年2月9日
我一直在努力回想,究竟是什么时候,我意识到我的大脑与现代世界格格不入。是推特诞生之时吗?还是互联网本身诞生之时?
当然,肯定是本届总统任期。这一点我非常清楚。
例如,我会想到星期五,新闻行业通常比较清闲,记者们会利用这段时间处理邮件,然后偷偷溜出去理发、看心理医生。如今,这几乎不可能了。
三个星期五前,罗杰·斯通在日出时分就被一群穿着蓝色防风衣的人带走了,而唐纳德·特朗普在下午3点决定重新开放政府,结束了历史上持续时间最长的政府停摆;两周前的周五,总统暂停了仅存的几项军控条约之一,这可能重新点燃核竞赛的战火。
我于周五上午结束这篇文章。对于未来会发生什么,以及会发生多少事情,我一无所知,这让我感到一种难以言喻的解脱。
值得注意的是,在政府分裂的时代,这种“分屏意识”的问题很可能会加剧,而不是缓解。届时,不仅总统会争夺我们的注意力,那些监督他的人也会。即便我们的政府堪称运转良好的典范,我们也肯定会为了争夺对大脑的控制权而战。2016年,在特朗普当选之前,加州大学欧文分校的信息学教授格洛丽亚·马克(Gloria Mark)调查了40位信息工作者的日常习惯。她发现,他们平均每天查看电子邮件77次,并且每47秒就会在不同的屏幕之间切换一次。
许多进化生物学家喜欢指出,人体并不适应现代生活,现代生活常常需要长时间久坐,在人造光源下辛勤工作,并摄入大量的加工糖(正如琼·库萨克在电影《情到深处》中饰演的角色所说:“你的食物里根本没有营养。”)。但可以说,同样的缺陷也存在于人脑中:它并非为处理我们如今接收的海量信息以及信息处理速度而设计的。
神经科学家丹尼尔·列维廷在《有组织的思维:信息过载时代的理性思考》一书中写道:“我们的大脑进化是为了帮助我们应对人类历史上狩猎采集阶段的生活,在那个时期,我们一生中遇到的人可能不超过一千人。”
最近,我给列维廷打了个电话。他告诉我,他怀疑特朗普时代的人类正在不知不觉中重演詹姆斯·奥尔兹和彼得·米尔纳在20世纪50年代进行的老鼠实验。在实验中,老鼠反复按压一个杠杆,以感受大脑奖赏中枢受到的电击。可怜的实验对象最终成了满足感的俘虏,停止进食、饮水,甚至停止性生活。最终,它们因精疲力竭而死。
我所在的行业似乎天生就适合那些对电击耐受力极高的人。我有时会盯着我的同事们看,惊叹于他们是多么与众不同,简直是人类中的异类:他们就像长满了眼睛的虫子,进化成能够同时接收多条信息流。走过他们的办公桌,你会感觉像置身于北美防空司令部(NORAD)的办公室。他们盯着多个屏幕,每个屏幕都插满了标签页,而推特、电子邮件和短信则像瀑布一样从他们的手机里倾泻而下。
而我呢?我像个独眼巨人。我一次只关注一件事。在特朗普之前,我可以好几天不看报纸。我偏爱十九世纪的小说,羡慕小说里的女主人公,她们终日读书、做针线活、弹钢琴。比起赌场里过度刺激带来的喧嚣,我更容易忍受无聊带来的空虚感。
但选择退出这喧嚣纷扰的多元宇宙,就如同生活在一种轻微的疏离之中。你会感觉自己永远成了一个旁观者;你会始终觉得别处总有事情发生;你会感到自己老了,被时代淘汰,被自己生命中那些奇异的物理定律所超越:这个伟大的旋转世界已经偏离了轨道,滚落远去。
硅谷的巨头们,那些靠信息漩涡生存的人,对冥想如此推崇,绝非偶然。几个月前,比尔·盖茨还专门写了一篇博文,赞扬冥想能让他集中注意力,摆脱忙碌的思绪。推特创始人杰克·多西(Jack Dorsey)会冥想,这一点我们都从他最近在缅甸发布的一系列不妥推文中看出。(显然,正念和无意识之间只有一线之隔。)当世界像280个字符的飞盘一样向你袭来时,你自然会想要遁入自己黑暗的内心森林。
当然,对世界节奏过快的抱怨由来已久,甚至可能更早,自从工业化以来就一直存在。我曾经跟丈夫开玩笑说,我害怕打盹,因为我可能会错过一些重要信息。
原来,亨利·大卫·梭罗在电报时代也曾抱怨过类似的现象。他写道:“几乎没有人会在晚餐后小睡半小时,但醒来后却会抬起头问:‘有什么新闻?’仿佛其他人都在为他站岗放哨似的。”
我并不像某些人那样确信,白宫在推特上的猛烈抨击是某种转移视线策略的一部分,其目的在于让我们忽略本届政府的渎职和失败。我认为我们总统的注意力确实很分散。(迈克尔·沃尔夫在《火与怒》中称他为“后识字时代的人”,这似乎很贴切。)我想象他的大脑,就像一个在细雨中嗡嗡作响的灭蚊灯。
嗡嗡嗡嗡嗡嗡。嗡嗡。嗡嗡嗡嗡嗡嗡嗡嗡嗡嗡嗡。
但特朗普制造的混乱,无论是有意还是无意,都已成为一种有效的政治策略,恰恰是因为我们的神经系统根本无法应对。我们对任何被打断的活动都深有体会:重新回到之前专注的事情上需要耗费大量的精力。
值得一提的是,格洛丽亚·马克(Gloria Mark)的研究表明,女性比男性更少出现自我打断的情况。丹尼尔·列维廷(Daniel Levitin)也持相同观点,而且女性似乎比男性拥有更多的葡萄糖来补充受损的神经元。这或许可以作为组建一支全女性白宫记者团的理由。(玛吉·哈伯曼和阿什利·帕克:我们全国人民都把目光投向了你们。)
但愿我能像她们那样轻松地切换任务。但愿我们都能做到。但愿我们都能回到那个更加文明的时代,回到那个我们不必每隔30秒就时刻警惕草原上致命威胁的时代。这似乎是一种难以想象的奢侈——几乎和俄罗斯操纵我们的选举、亿万富翁出卖我们的隐私、以及特朗普总统任期本身一样令人难以置信。
本文早期版本的一个标题夸大了2018年帕卢地震的速度。它是史上速度最快的地震之一,而非最快的。
当我们发现错误时,我们会发布更正声明。如果您发现错误,请发送邮件至corrections@nytimes.com告知我们。了解更多
詹妮弗·西尼尔自2018年9月起担任《纽约时报》专栏作家。她曾是《纽约时报》的每日书评人;在此之前,她曾在《纽约》杂志担任多年专职撰稿人。她的畅销书《只有快乐没有乐趣:现代父母的悖论》已被翻译成12种语言。@JenSeniorNY
Our Brains Aren’t Designed to Handle the Trump Era
Or mine isn't, anyway.
I am trying to think about when, exactly, I realized that my brain was wretchedly ill suited to the modern world. Was it when Twitter began? With the internet itself?
Certainly by this current presidency. I know that much.
I think, for instance, of Fridays, often slow days in the news business, when journalists catch up on email and sneak out for haircuts and therapist appointments. Hard to do these days.
Three Fridays ago, Roger Stone was hauled off by guys in blue windbreakers by sunrise and Donald Trump decided by 3 to reopen the government, ending the longest shutdown in history; two Fridays ago, the president suspended one of the last remaining arms control treaties, potentially reigniting the nuclear race.
I am closing this piece on Friday morning. Not yet knowing what will happen, and how much will happen, fills me with an inexpressible relief.
It should be noted that this problem of split-screen consciousness is likely to get worse in the era of divided government, not better. It won’t just be the president laying claim to our attention, but also those who are holding him to account. Even if our government were a paradigm of functionality, we’d surely be fighting for custody of our brains. In 2016, before Trump was elected, Gloria Mark, a professor of informatics at the University of California, Irvine, examined the daily habits of 40 information workers. She discovered they checked their email 77 times per day, on average, and slalomed between screens every 47 seconds.
Many evolutionary biologists are fond of pointing out that the human body is not adapted to modern life, which often involves sitting for hours at a time and toiling in artificial light and consuming mounds of processed sugar (“There’s no food in your food,” as the Joan Cusack character says in “Say Anything”). But the same design problem, it could be argued, is true of the human brain: It was not engineered to process the volume of information we’re getting, and at the rate we’re getting it.
“Our brains evolved to help us deal with life during the hunter-gatherer phase of human history, a time when we might encounter no more than a thousand people across the entire span of our lifetime,” writes the neuroscientist Daniel Levitin in “The Organized Mind: Thinking Straight in the Age of Information Overload.”
Recently, I phoned Levitin. He told me he suspects that humans during the Trump era are unwittingly re-enacting the rat experiments that James Olds and Peter Milner did in the 1950s, wherein the creatures repeatedly pressed a lever to feel an electric jolt to their reward centers. The poor subjects became such hostages to gratification that they stopped eating, drinking, even having sex. Eventually, they died of exhaustion.
The business I’m in self-selects for those with a pretty high threshold for those jolts. I stare at my colleagues sometimes and marvel at what a different breed they are, the true exotics of the species: They’re like bugs with eyes all over their heads, evolved to take in several streams of information simultaneously. Walk by their desks, and it looks something like Norad. They’re staring at multiple screens fringed with multiple tabs, while Twitter, email and texts cascade down their phones.
Whereas me? I’m a Cyclops. I tend to see one thing at a time. Before Trump, I could go days without looking at the newspaper. I’m partial to 19th-century novels, and I envy their heroines, who spend their days reading and needlepointing and playing piano. I find it far easier to tolerate the whistling emptiness of boredom than the casino rattle of too much stimulation.
But to opt out of this clanging multiverse is to live in mild estrangement. It’s to feel one’s self become a permanent spectator; to live with the persistent sense that something is always happening elsewhere; to feel old, outlasted, outmatched by the bizarre physics of your own lifetime: The great spinning world has toppled off its axis and rolled away.
It cannot be an accident that the lions of Silicon Valley, who live and die by the information whorl, are bullish on meditation. Bill Gates wrote a blog post a couple of months ago about it, praising the practice for focusing his busy mind. Twitter’s Jack Dorsey meditates, as we all learned from a string of insensitive tweets he recently unleashed from Myanmar. (It’s a fine line between mindfulness and mindlessness, apparently.) When the world’s coming at you in great clouds of 280-character Frisbees, naturally it’s tempting to vanish into the forest dark of your own mind.
Of course, complaints about the unmanageable velocity of the world have been with us since industrialization, if not before. I once joked to my husband that I feared napping because I might miss an indictment. Turns out Henry David Thoreau made a similar complaint in the age of the telegraph. “Hardly a man takes a half-hour’s nap after dinner,” he wrote, “but when he wakes he holds up his head and asks, ‘What’s the news?’ as if the rest of mankind had stood his sentinels.”
I’m not convinced, as some people are, that the Twitter fusillades from the White House are part of a larger strategy of distraction, specifically intended to divert us from this particular administration’s malfeasance and failures. I think our president’s attention span is genuinely scattershot. (“Post-literate,” Michael Wolff called him in “Fire and Fury.” Seems about right.) When I imagine his brain, I imagine a bug zapper in a drizzle.
Bzzzzzzzzzzt. Fzzzz. Bzzz fzzz bzzzzzzzzzzt.
But Trump chaos, both intentional and otherwise, has proved a great de facto political strategy, precisely because we are neurologically incapable of handling it. The one thing we know about any interrupted activity is that it takes an awful lot of energy to return to whatever last had our attention.
For what it’s worth, Gloria Mark says that women, in her research, tend to self-interrupt less frequently than men. Daniel Levitin says the same, and that we seem to have more glucose available to replenish our battered neurons than men do. It’s an argument for having an all-female White House press corps. (Maggie Haberman and Ashley Parker: Our nation turns its lonely eyes to you.)
Would that I were able to task-switch as they do. Would that we all could. Would that we all could return to the rhythms of a more civilized time, when we weren’t scanning the savanna for mortal threats every 30 seconds. It seems such an unfathomable luxury — almost as unfathomable as the Russians manipulating our elections, as a child billionaire selling our privacy down the river, as the Trump presidency itself.
A headline on an earlier version of this article overstated the speed of the Palu earthquake in 2018. It was among the fastest ever recorded, not the fastest.
When we learn of a mistake, we acknowledge it with a correction. If you spot an error, please let us know at corrections@nytimes.com.Learn more
Jennifer Senior has been an Op-Ed columnist since September 2018. She had been a daily book critic for The Times; before that, she spent many years as a staff writer for New York magazine. Her best-selling book, "All Joy and No Fun: The Paradox of Modern Parenthood," has been translated into 12 languages. @JenSeniorNY
风萧萧_Frank