The Regional Faction and Chinese Nationalism

The Regional Faction and Chinese Nationalism: A Case Study of Li Zongren and the Guangxi Clique During the Nanjing Decade

Su Mingxian

(M. Su's PhD thesis at Griffith University, 1996. Comments are welcome. Copy right is reserved.) 

                                                             CONTENTS

	Abstract (click here, PDF file)
	Acknowledgements (click here, PDF file)
	Notes on Romanization of Chinese Names and Terms
	Abbreviations (click here, PDF file)
Chapter One	Introduction (click here, PDF file)
	I.     The Main Aim of the Study
	II.    Political Integration and Imperialism
	III.  Regionalism and Mass Mobilization as An Approach to Political Integration
	IV.  The Anti-Japanese National United Front and the National Political Unity
	V.    Summary
Chapter Two	The Rise of Li Zongren and the Guangxi Clique (click here, PDF file)
	I.     A Brief Historical Background of Guangxi
	II.    The Rise of Li Zongren and the Formation of the Guangxi Clique
	III.  Heading for the Northern Expedition
	IV.  Reasons for the Clique’s Conflict with Jiang Jieshi and Its Return to Guangxi
	V.   Conclusion
Chapter Three	The Internal Structure of the Guangxi Clique (click here, PDF file)
	I.     The Graduates of Baoding Military Academy               (BMA) Group                         The Hubei Faction
	II.    Leadership
	III.  The Secret Political Organization
	IV.  Brains Trust
	V.    Regional identity and Its Relations with the Clique
	VI.  Conclusion
Chapter Four	The Theoretical Foundation of the Guangxi Clique’s Mass Mobilization and the Integrated Relationship Between Regionalism and Nationalism (click here, PDF file)
	I.      The Guangxi Reconstruction Program
	II.    The Clique’s Analysis of Chinese Society and Perception of the Chinese Revolution
	1.  Nature of Chinese Society
	2.  Objectives of the Chinese Revolution
	3.  Mission of the Chinese Revolution
	4.  Motive Force of the Chinese Revolution
	5.  Nature of the Chinese Revolution
	6.  Prospects of the Chinese Revolution
	7.  Leadership of the Chinese Revolution
	III.  The Pearl River Valley Revolution Theory - A Motive Force of Mass Mobilization
	IV.  Achievements of Guangxi Mass Mobilization and Reconstruction: A Brief Account
	V.   Conclusions
Chapter Five	Relations Between Li and the Southwest Regional Factions (click here, PDF file)
	I.     The Role of Relations Between Li Zongren and the Southwest Regional Factions in the Process of Internal Political Unity of the GMD
	1.  Definition of the Southwest Regional Faction
	2.     The Role of the Southwest Regional Factions in the Internal Political Unity of the GMD
	3.      The Impact of Relations Between Regional Relations on the Li-Jiang Conflict
	II.    Factors Affecting Relationships Between the Southwest Regional Factions
	III.  Li Zongren’s Relationships with the Southwest Regional Factions
	1.  Li Zongren’s Relations with Yunnan
	2.  Li Zongren’s Relations with Guizhou
	3.  Li Zongren’s Relations with the Guangdong Faction (Yuexi)
	4.  Li Zongren’s Relations with Sichuan
	IV.  Conclusion
Chapter Six	“Resisting Japan Is the Only Way”: Li Zongren’s “Scorched       Earth Resistance” (Jiaotu kangzhan) Idea (click here, PDF file)
	I.     The Background and Origin of “Jiaotu kangzhan”
	II.    Li Zongren’s Idea of “Jiaotu kangzhan”
	1.    The National Policy towards Japan - the Scorched Earth Resistance
	1.1  The Significance of the Scorched Earth Resistance
	1.2   Criticism of Non-resistance Policy
	1.3   Analysis of the Harmfulness of Non-resistance
	1.4   The Prospect of the Scorched Earth Resistance
	2.  Strategy and Tactics of the Scorched Earth Resistance
	2.1  Full-scale Warfare
	2.2  Offensive Warfare
	2.3  Protracted Warfare
	III.  Other Theories for Resistance: Yan Xishan’s  “Shoutu kangzhan” (Defence and Resistance)
	IV.  Conclusion
Chapter Seven	Background to the “June 1 Movement” (click here, PDF file)
	I.     Origin of the “June 1 Movement” and Its Relations with the Japanese
	II.    Reasons for Launching the June 1 Movement
	III.  The Motive Forces Behind the Launching of the June 1 Movement
	IV.  Conclusion: The Nature of the June 1 Movement
Chapter Eight	The June 1 Movement: Compelling Jiang to Resist Japan and the Clique’s Role in the AJNUF (click here, PDF file)
	I.     “Forcing Jiang to Resist Japan”
	II.    National United Front
	III.  Relationship Between the June 1 Movement and the Xi’an Incident
	IV.  Conclusion
Chapter Nine	Conclusion (click here, PDF file)
Appendix
	1.1  Names of Senior Officers of Li Zongren’s Troops in Yulin in 1922-1923 (click here, PDF file)
	1.2  Commanders of the 7th Army in 1936 (click here, PDF file)
	1.3   (1)  Commanders of the Guangxi Militia Zones (1934)
	(2)    Senior Commanders of the Guangxi Army in the First Half of the 1930s (click here, PDF file)
	1.4     Names of Guangxi’s Senior Officers Graduated from the Baoding Military Academy (click here, PDF file)
	2.0  The Hubei Faction within the Guangxi Clique  (1927-1929) (click here, PDF file)
	3.0     Names of Guangxi’s Students Returned from Soviet Russia before and after the Northern Expedition (click here, PDF file)
	4.0    Expansion of the Guangxi Troops during the June 1 Movement in 1936 (click here, PDF file)
Glossary	(click here, PDF file)
Bibliography	Chinese Sources (click here, PDF file)
	I.     Original Official and Private Documents and Materials
	1.  Archives
	2.  Important Journals and Periodicals published in the 1920s- 1930s
	3.  The Collections of Official and Private Documents
	4.  Other Important Data and Materials
	(A)  Books
	(B)  Speeches and Articles
	II.    Memoirs and Historical Materials
	1.  Books
	2.  Writing Historical Materials
	3.  Records of Interviews
	III.  Relevant Academic Publications and Other Materials
	1.  Books
	2.  Articles
	English Sources
	I.     Books
	II.    Articles
	III.  Archives